To Be
TO BE
If a sentences doesn`t have a main verb we use the verb to be as an auxiliary verb. The present uses of the verb to be (am,is,are) are shown below.
Affirmative Form Question Form Negative Form Negative Question Form
I am ready.
You are ready.
He is ready.
She is ready.
It is ready.
We are ready.
You are ready.
They are ready. Am I ready?
Are you ready?
Is he ready?
Is she ready?
Is it ready?
Are we ready?
Are you ready?
Are they ready? I am not ready.
You aren`t ready.
He isn`t ready.
She isn`t ready.
It isn`t ready.
We aren`t ready.
You aren`t ready.
They aren`t ready. Am I not/Aren`t I ready?
Aren`t you ready?
Isn`t he ready?
Isn`t she ready?
Isn`t it ready?
Aren`t we ready?
Aren`t you ready?
Aren`t they ready?
HAVE GOT & HAS GOT
Have/has got means owning.
I
You
We They
The Boys
The Workers
My Friends Have got
Affirmative Form
Subject+have got /has got + noun…
He
She
It
Paul
Joy
The Man
My Friend Has got
Question Form
Have/Has +subject+ got +noun?
Examples:
a. My Friends have got a new teacher.
b. The workers have got enough shovels.
c. Osman has got a golden watch.
d. He has got a used car.
e. The man has got a problem.
f. We haven`t got a big house.
g. The Farmer hasn`t got a truck.
h. Have you got a calculator?
i. Has Mr.Kaya got two children?
j. Have students enough books?
THERE IS & THERE ARE
We use there is with singular nouns, we use there are with plural nouns.
a. There is a clock on the wall.
b. There is a visitor in the office.
c. There is a gift in the box.
d. There is a hospital on the street.
e. There are some people on the pavement.
f. There are stories in the newspaper.
g. There are new exercies on the blackboard.
h. There are animals on the farm.
Affirmative Form Negative Form Question Form Negative Question Form
There is
There are There isn`t
There aren`t Is there?
Are there? Isn`t there?
Aren`t there?
SOME & ANY
Some : It is used in affirmative sentences Sometimes it is used in questions
Any : It is used in questions and negative sentences.
In Affirmative Sentences
Some + uncountable nouns Some + plural nouns
some Water
Sugar some Apples
Plates
In Questions and Negative Sentences
Any + uncountable nouns Any+ plural nouns
any Milk
Butter Any Spoons
Pictures
Examples:
1. There is some money.
2. There is some sugar.
3. There are some cars.
4. There is some coke.
5. There are some eggs.
6. There is some flour.
7. There some oil.
8. Is there any rice on the plate?
9. Are there any trees in the garden?
10. Are there any children in the school yard?
11. Are there any pens in the box?
HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?
How Many? Countable plural nouns books
How many days….?
hours
How Much? Countable nouns meat
How much jam…..?
Money
Examples:
a. How many pears are there in the basket?
b. How many months are there in a year?
c. How much ink is there in pen?
d. How much honey is there in the tin?
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use Present Continuous Tense to describe an action that is happening now.
Now Nowadays
At present Right now
At the moment These days
Today This week
Time epressions:
S
Forms and Examples:
Affirmative Form Subject + am/is/are + verb(ing) + complement
I am learning English right now.
Negative Form Subject + am not/isn`t/aren`t + verb(ing) + complement
Mrs. Suzan isn`t going home now.
Question Form Am/is/are + subject + verb(ing) +complement?
Are you working in the kitchen today?
Negative Question Form Am… not/isn`t/aren`t +subject +verb(ing)+complement?
Isn`t Enes waiting for us at school?
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
We use The Simple Present Tense for an action which goes on everyday or all the time.
Frequenchy adverbs:
Always Generally
Often Sometimes
Frequently Usually
Rarely Everyday / everyweek / everyyear
Occasionally Once / twice
Seldom On Sundays / On Mondays
Affirmative Form Subject + verb + complement
We speak english
Negative Form Subject +don`t /doesn`t +verb+complement
We don`t speak english.
Question Form Do/Does + Subject +Verb +Complement?
Do we speak English?
Negative Question Form Don`t/Doesn`t +Subject + Verb + complement
Don`t we speak english?
The third person singular (he,she,it) is usually formed by adding –S to the root.Sometimes –ES is added. –S,-ES and –İES are added in positive sentens.
CAN
Can shows ability, possibility, permission and request.
Examples:
1. I can speak English.
2. Mr. Turkmen has got a lot of money, so he can buy a new villa.
3. You can leave early today.
4. Can I come in, please?
Affirmative Form Subject + can+main verb+complement
Hasan can solve the problem.
Negative Form Subject+can`t+main verb+complement
Hasan can`t solve the problem.
Question Form Can+Subject+main verb+complement?
Can Hasan solve the problem?
Negative Question Form Can`t +subject+main verb+complment?
Can`t Hasan solve the problem?
MUST & HAVE TO/HAS TO
Must and have to express obligation or necessity.
Must
Affirmattive Form Subject+must+verb+complement
You must finish your homework.
Negative Form Subject+musn`t+verb+complement
You musn`t finish your homework.
Question Form Must+subject+verb+complement?
Must you finish your homework?
Negative Question Form Musn`t+subject+verb+complement?
Musn`t you finish your homework?
Have To/Has To
Affirmative Form Subject + has to/have to+verb +complement
Mete has to take his medicine.
Negative Form Subject+don`t have to/doesn`t have to+verb+complement
Mete doesn`t have to take his medicine.
Question Form Does/Do+subject+have to+verb+complement?
Does Mete have to take his medicine?
Negative Question Form Doesn`t/Don`t+subject+have to+verb+complement?
Doesn`t Mete have to take his medicine?
The main differences between must and have to are:
Must expresses an obligation forced by the speaker.
Director: You must listen to your teacher carefully.
Mother: You must come home early.
Have to expresses general obligations.When we are talking about another person`s obligaitons we use have to, too.We use have to when the obligation comes from outside.
Students have to wear their uniforms at school.
She has to buy new dictionary for school.
You have to give yuour report by 5 p.m. tomorrow.
MAY
We use may to ask or give permission in the present and future time forms.
May is more polite than can. May shows possibility and probability.
1. May I have some sugar?
2. It is very cold.It may snow this afternoon.
3. You may play outside now, but you may not stay out after dark
4. May I borrow your dictionary, please?
5. There may be an emergency button behind the seat